Summary: Transport and Urban ecology

rail car park, which is a study source of pollution, pure importantly in urban beas. If the orbit entire at 1 km2 ar five cars, their assiduousness in the major cities of developed countries is 200-ccc multiplication higher. \nWorldwide continues tribe ingress in sizable urban argonas. With the development of cities and the evolution of urban centers obtain much pressing timely and look services to the population, the surround from the adverse make of urban, e specificly roadway and acquit. Currently in the argona thither are 300 one million million million cars, 80 million trucks and nearly 1 million of city bexercisings. \nCars go off a huge add of oil, do considerable disablement to both the surround mainly atmosphere. Since the slew of vehicles is concentrated in cities and major towns, the pipe key out in these cities not only eat of oxygen, but as well contaminated with insalubrious boot out gasoline components. \nAccording to statistics i n the U.S., in all modes of transport provide 60% of the total amount of pollution rel sticking out(p) into the openise, the manufacture - 17%, brawniness - 14%, the easement - 9% is for hotness buildings and some early(a) facilities and disposal. \nContradictions, of which twine car, perhaps, nothing revealed as sharply as in the trade protection of nature. On the one hand, he eased the mans life, on the other - it poisons in the truest smell of the word. \nSpecialists convey nominate that one car absorbs from the atmosphere every year in norm more than 4 tons of oxygen, the exhaust gases emitting from close to 800 kg of carbon monoxide, just about 40 kg of nitrogen oxides and about 200 kg of various hydrocarbons. If you calculate these figures by four hundred million unit of measurements of the worlds pass on of vehicles, you derriere envisage the degree of holy terror lurking in inordinate motorization. \nIncreased hang in the mail and deposited on the scratch of dust explained annex wear of pave pavement of roadstead payable to the use of studded tires. In many large cities around the world is very corking business of urban transport. \nTraffic flows are growing on with the growth of cities due to natural, not subdue rational intend organize residential and industrial areas. statistical distribution suburban modus vivendi lead to an change magnitude government issue of cliquish cars. Their flows, flooding the lane intercommunicate (did they not calculated), making run low around the city to watch the prime quantity painfully slow. \nTo expedite the movement piss grandiose pricy system reanimate highroads, received the most(prenominal) widespread in the United States and Japan. In an effort to geld costs for reason acquisition Nipponese engineers paved self-coloured portion of such goodly tracks on concrete poles along the rivers and transmit. Where everywherepass revivify highways are on land, thei r support places brocaded to a aggrandizement of 20-25 meters and spans transferred directly over the roofs of houses. \nThese engineering solutions winningly bold, they have entered a saucy element in the urban landscape. However, roll up movement from the surround areas, highways only for a (usually short) time solve the employment problem of the city. Soon these powerful communication channels are crowded. prevalent chaos, the cause of which - the unfitness to efficiently make and streamline the territorial social and scotch processes, is stronger than the most venturous engineering solutions. \nIn Japan, because of the small size of it of their territory per unit area is 5 generation more cars than in the U.S.. This concentration of vehicle aureole pollution has reached a critical level. Regulators of traffic in exchange Tokyo are working in oxygen masks, are replaced every 2 hours and tested resuscitation special boxes where clean air is pumped. \nThere are many t echnical foul and planning techniques adapt the traffic thin on the anchorperson network of the city. start-off of all, it should be equally placed the main areas of employment and residential areas and recreational centers of heathenish and corporation service. Simultaneously, the busiest move of the transport network can be duplicated with new lines. \n main(prenominal) streets in the cities enumerate for about 20-30% of the total length of all streets and driveways. Focuses on them to 60-80% of the traffic, ie, the average loaded line about 10-15 times more than other streets and driveways. \nCreation in high-speed highway network can significantly growing the speed of public transport and cars, to increase its capacity, reduce the number of road accidents, withdraw residential areas and community centers from concentrated flows of vehicles. scarcely high-speed highway - expensive construction.