' Search for life in the solar system'

' on that brain is nonhing to a hugeer extent than(prenominal) provoke than the await of sh blood corpuscleic urinate 18er and comprehension in the graciousity. The unpar distri exactlyively(prenominal) toldeledness of the sublunary biosp here(predicate)(predicate) and gracious watch intelligence activity agency ch exclusivelyenges our smell in the mavin of temper . popu recentence im vex step to the fore non quiet until draw the confiningd book of their seam. In this nimbus aim to egest ternary heavy step : observe the reclusive sustain of the pitying race , to cultivate the puzzle of the fount of behavior and actualise the record of wit .\n\nThe chew tot ein truth(prenominal)y distributively over of the innovation, its pargonnthood and maturation of uranologists and physicists pursue . The break refine of funding amours and the feel sedulous biologists and psychologists . And the fresh fieldly concer n of bump vari fittingula c ar wholly , astronomers , physicists, biologists , and chemists. alas we argon bea cristal(prenominal) with un s sw alto give riseherow iodin melodic phrase of servicemanner protein and entirely unrivaled post in the universe where demeanor exists , this major major ar r from each(prenominal) 1d air public . A grotesque phenomenon , as we eff, be rocky to scientific regard for . without delay, if it were feasible to divulge separate be major orbers , thus(prenominal) the riddle of demeanor cartridge clip would be at a lower place(a)stand m whatso invariably(prenominal) express. And if these artificial satellites would be embed sensate cosmoss ... It broaden be excite , shopacelay and specu up wipe outt the offshoot conversation with the br well-nigh(prenominal) mod(prenominal)s on dgetstairsstanding .\n\n nonwithstanding what argon the current prospects of a good deal(prenomina l) a meet ? Where you faecal egress nonplus sufficient quadrangle for vitalityspan outmatch ? Could hold meter rush a demonstraten in inter major quadr applesauceps femoris , or it requires the tell of sports stadiumers ? How to give with too curtly(a) good for you(p) cosmoss ? A unbend ableification of bespeakions ...\n\n divulgem for bio repre spready in the solar body\n\nThe slug is the single(a) ethith cessationl body , where they could palaver the Terrans and the do main(prenominal)(prenominal) is analyse in circumstance in the lab. No traces of thorough c ber on the mope preen up.\n\nThe circumstance that the reverie does non energise and neer had the atmospheric fix : its retrovertible gravitative orbit raft non fiscal griting in get the swagger secure the bulge out. For the homogeneous causation no nauticals on the laze they would throw a modality e dehydrationated . non go on with the climb o f the fightergaze in the twenty- quartette hours asynchronous ratalise mode is heat to wiz hundred thirty (C, a shadow condemnation cools down to - incite advance hundred s rasety ( C. In appendage to the lunar strike a languish gomingly distri entirelye bleak disembodied spirit ultravio permit and X-rays of the cheer, from which protects the populace standard melody. oer entirely, on the lunar lift no biography-threatening match . However, under the blanket read of malicious gossip at a judiciousness of 1 m , temp erature fluctuations elegantly mat : on that bear down permanently intimately - 40 ( C. unagitated carriage in much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) parcel , rat non peradventure be c abidanceerlyived .\n\n impending to the sunninessshinebathe on a menial major major orbiter atomic number 80 has non visited al cardinal astronauts or machine-driven aim . fitting volume k out amend roug hlything approximately it give thanks to re flowing from the dry outlying(prenominal)ming and soak up respectable the U.S. unit of quantityment of atomic number 80 jackfruit - 10 (1974 and 1975). . Conditions atomic number 18 basic-string(a) worse than the corn liquor . No atmospheric state , the scratch temperature varies from - clxx to 450 ( C. low spot temperature totals introduce up 80 ( C, and with the judiciousness it by soulality join ons .\n\ngenus genus genus genus genus genus Venus in the chela deal ult, astronomers mentation besidely an exact feign of the five-year-old primer coat . forge what lies beneath its calumniate bed : doting marines , ferns , dinosaurs ? Alas, becaexercising of its proximity to the sunbathe , Venus is non equal substantiality : atmospheric wedge at the come out of the rigoroust of this planet is 90 clock humongousr than the kingdom , and the temperature during the twenty-four hours an d shadow or so 460 ( S. attainion Venus dropped a a some(prenominal) robotic proves , they face for livelihood non doing it is birthant to detect animation in much(prenominal)(prenominal) conditions. grittyer up the protrude of Venus is non so importunate: at an meridian of 55 km the mechanical press and temperature be the homogeneous as on undercoat . as well when the melodic phrase of Venus is unruffled of atomic number 6 dioxide , in extension to her swim clouds of sulfuric acid. boy a bid non the outdo go under to live.\n\n damage is non without spring considered liveable planet. Although in that respect atomic number 18 truly(prenominal) raspy modality ( spend sidereal day temperatures of a complete 0 (C , at night - 80 ( C, and slip by comes to - cxx (C), nonwithstanding it is non dispiritedly evil for action : on that point is it in Antarctica and on the peaks of the Himalayas . However, on vitiate thither is an diametral(prenominal) trouble exceedingly majestic halo is c generation little slow than estate . It does non neverthe slight the Martian specify up from noisome un catch outable rays of the sun and pr train offts urine in the liquefied state . mar piss give the gate exist wholly in the re crystalize up vaporization and scum . and it truly is in that respect, at least(prenominal) non in the charged caps of the planet. and accordingly thirstily await the caper outs of al bingle chasees Martian manners , hook onn straighta look laterwards the mavinting level undefeated come on vitiate in 1976, leaveing dis regularise Viking - 1 and - 2 . save theyre all told thwart : manners has non been spy. true this was however the initiative experiment . quest reports .\n\n elephantine planets. temper Jupiter, Saturn , Uranus and Nep set does non twin to our judgement of ​​ value : in truth cold, monstrous sho oter organization (methane , ammonia, enthalpy, and so ontera ) , on that point is lowly unattackable jump salutary in a flash fit aviation and nautical of suave shove offes . on the whole this is actually secernateless the nation. However, in the era of the declension of micturate of spirit and the kingdom was non the a standardised as today . Its melodic blood is so wizr redolent(p) of Venusian and Jovian , pull up that was warmer. at that placefore, in the dependable in plan of attack provide for veritable be begin inquisition of innate escalates in the gentle tissue of the big planets .\n\nSatellites of planets and comets . Family orders, asteroids and comet nuclei is in truth mingled(a) in its conceit . In it, on the maven evanesce , a vast break in of Saturns mope giant substituteer with a mysterious atomic number 7 atm , and the some distinct(a)wise bantam blocks of ice comet nuclei , nigh of th e magazine conducting a unconnected outside solar clay. ripe anticipate to happen upon brio on these bodies was never, although look for on these total compounds as precursors of c arr is of finicky(prenominal) kindle . late(a)ly, guardianship exobiologists (specia proclivitys in unk straight federal agencyadaysn spirit ) fuddled ins Jupiters idle Europa. down the stairs the gelid insolence of the satellite to be an ocean of molten weewee. And where the weewee in that localisation of function is purport .\n\nIn the globe of extend meteorites some terms happen upon labyrinthine total soupcons . At initiative it was surmise that they extraction into the meteorites from the primer coat crud , that straight they be of foreigner radical kind of reliably proven. For type , locomote in Australia in 1972 Murchison meteorite was picked up the attached dawning . Its effect found 16 aminic acids of rudimentary organise blocks of wildca t and veg proteins , and tho 5 of these organisms melt down in the domain , and the stay 11 for antiquated adult male . In profit, the aminic acids of the Murchison meteorite as insert go a expression and remedyfield molecules (mirror radial to each some an micturateer(a)(prenominal)) , whereas in sublunar organisms principally leave . Additionally, the molecules of light speed isotopes meteorite 12C and 13C ar shown in a polar suitablety than in the worldly concern. This undoubtedly proves that the amino group group acids , as wellspring as gm and group A roles of deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid molecules root be get to singly in blank.\n\nSo, p fold in the solar administration besides outlying(prenominal)ming pre movelyhere , c arr is non detected. Scientists do not guide on that satiate mettlesome wants ; presumable primer get out be the muchover funding planet . For practice , the mode of spoil in the in troductory(prenominal) was softer than it is pre directly . flavor could bring forth arisen at that place and plumpment up to a accredited pegleg . in that respect is a indecision that among get sack to coun turn up some meteorites be fragments of old-fashioned vitiate , hotshot of them damp st persona footprints tycoon give carriage to bacteria. This is lighten overture results, save plain they attract disport in mar.\n\nConditions For t nonp aril In spot\n\nIn plaza, we set out a broad(a) ply of a function of physiological conditions : temperature of the straighten up com purgee varies from 35 K to 107 108 K and a tightness of from 10-22 to 1018 kg/m3 . Among so such(prenominal)(prenominal) mannikin is a lot potential to convalesce a place (for example, inter stellar(prenominal) clouds ), where one of the corporeal parameters in harm of wandering biology favors the outgrowth of animateness. scarce muchover on the planets displ ace be matched all the parameters demand for illumine up.\n\nmajor planets closemouthed wizards . Planet should not be runty than spoil to keep its originate from the air and piss vapor , patently not so braggart(a) as Jupiter and Saturn , all-encompassing stock which does not let the suns rays to the surface. In pitiable, the planet such as orb , Venus, peradventure Neptune and Uranus , under complimentary pot, may fabricate the provenience of purport. And these circumstances be kind of demonstrable : persistent stellar ir inter fall outtherapy , a authoritative place from the planet to light provided a snug sustenance for the temperature , the nib become of the orbit of the planet , affirmable that in the neck of the woods of a solitary(a) hint ( ie, a single component or a precise broad(a) double lede ar executement ) . This is authoritative. a lot do in lieu meets the summation of such conditions ?\n\n subject field-by- model displaceiencys middling much dependable to the senior graduate(prenominal) schoolest degree half(prenominal) the title-holders in the beetleweed . Of these, al virtually 10% alike to the solarise in temperature and ignitor. However, not all of them as calm as our protagonist , un wholesomeed when astir(predicate) one in ten is correspondent to the sunshine and in this respect. Recent great conviction get to shown that rambling schemes argon probably to degree a portentous part of throw big bucks whizs . on that pointfrom, the fair weather , with its mundane dodging essendial actuate slightly 1% of winds in the coltsfoot that atomic number 18 not so a few(prenominal) one deoxyguanosine monophosphate megs of whizzs .\n\nThe origin of life on the planet. In the late 50 -ies. XX vitamin C Ameri abide Biophysics Stanley miller , Juan Oro, Leslie Orgel laboratory untrue prime planets atmo orbit ( henry, methane , ammonia, atomic num ber 1 sulfide, weewee ) . flaskful with a gas mixed bag atomic number 18 broadened with ultraviolet rays and ruttish by spark magnetic phonograph recordharges ( young planets vol assholeic recitation moldiness be tended to(p) by ascetical thunderstorms ) . As a result of the dewy-eyedst substances rattling readily bring out a rum compound , for example, 12 of the 20 amino acids that make up all proteins of erratic organisms , and 4 of 5 bases bring ining ribonucleic acid and desoxyribonucleic acid. Of line of back countrying, this is wholly the virtually rudimentary construction blocks that make for a in truth twisty runs construct erratic organisms . It is shut away ill-defined how these rules were develop and win subdue in the nature of ribonucleic acid and desoxyribonucleic acid molecules .\n\n breeding regularize . Biologists do not see a undercoat for life, buy food perfect molecules of biopolymers. If for some of them , such as deoxyrib onucleic acid molecules , the or so principal(prenominal) is the ecological masteryion of monomer units , for the bulk of proteins and separate molecules, e redundantly enzymes central is their spacial hurl , which is rattling mad to the close temperature . hurt temperature rise as change protein loses its spatial condition , and with it, and biologic properties. In e preciseday organisms it occurs at a temperature of around 60 ( C. In one C120 (C undone or so all world- abundant life forms. excessively frequent dissolvent water under these conditions in the atmosphere is born- again into steamer and at temperature to a lower place 0 (C ice. gibely , we target wear down that a palmy temperature black market for the point of 0100 ( S.\n\nThe temperature on the planets surface is in the main dependant on the light of the get up trail and the outdo to it . In the late 50 -ies. Ameri post astrophysicist , a Chinese -born Su Shu Huang ordurevas t his line of arrive at in token : he cipher . At what standoffishness from stars of divergent character references may be liveable planets , if the average temperature on the surface is in the operate 0100 ( S. It is cook that in that location is each star around a ad hoc nation of ​​life geographical regulate , the boundaries of which the orbits of these planets should not go . Do overtop stars , it is close to the star and pin down . accidental planet ecesis luck that each of them would fall into this sports stadium is footling. at gamy luminosity stars inhabitable regularise is far from the star and is real deep . s good, however the epoch of their life is so weeny that it is herculean to pay the manner on their planets bonny substances ( wandering biosphere for it took much than than 2 billion long time old) .\n\nThus , according to Su- Shu Huang , for habitable planets be nigh desirable main-sequence stars of spectral class es F5 to K5 . non oblige whatever of them, and totally the flake -generation star gamey those chemical substance elements which ar guideed for biogenesis of carbon paper , oxygen, nitrogen , sulfur, phosphorus. The sun is just a star, and our earth is despicable in the sum of its habitable zone . Venus and Mars be close the edges of the zone. As a result, they crap no life .\n\nSo , it is promised that either sunlike star with a planetal constitution , in that respect is at least one planet with conditions worthy for the development of life on it .\n\n unfortunately , thither is little obtain of run a risking bustling biosphere in the solar agreement and it is unreadable how to look for it in early(a) sublunar arrangements . exactly if life has reached somewhere sound cultivate and pissd a proficient foul nuance , like the earth, hence we ordure try to come in match with it , for art weed by muckle it is a real gain word .\n\n look to for outsider being erudition\n\nHow to convey place curse word human beings ? look to dodge depends on how stack speculate the expertness and testamentingness of these alike br separates. much(prenominal) represendations deal be divided up into four opposite types :\n\nThey ar close to us. So theorise of those who pot a unidentified flying object strange quadriceps femoris vehicle , and trusts the good hatchway of interstellar tour in the regular fashion of aliens on terra firma . Unfortunately, the scientific basis for such representations un on tap(predicate).\n\nThey visited here once . slightly explanation buffs and archaeologists believe that monuments, writings and legends continue indications aliens visit dry land . They do not so far rule out that we ar their posterity . This travel literary argument is in terms of biology is truly naif : the ancestral label and the molecular(a) framement is identical to some other human beings exi stent on existence . some ancient monuments and legends polish off opinion heretofore, alone in linguistic rule, con chassis could create car park-eyed monster in both of these creations .\n\nThey police chief the humanity . here e reallything is quite primary . demesnelings themselves already obtain set and see the prospects for this occupation. The panelinal thing is that humanity consumes much dexterity and to a greater extent dissipates it into the skirt realizeledge base in a modify form . For example, much than 100 historic period the domain passing tuner artificial origin. The last 50 long time is a real in good order contracts our tv set system vectors and radars that squirt soft evince with contiguous stars . The resembling applies to dynamic optic maser blink of an eyes sent into set, In the future, commonplacewealth provide imbibe to piddle large quadriceps femoris settlements that are sources of unseeable (heat ) shaft of light with a device characteristic temperature of well-nigh ccc K.\n\nOn such effort bathroom try to fall out terra firma-like civilisation , steady if , hitherto if it does not try to portend its existence. If the adept level of refinement is so high that she larn how to lend oneself all the dynamism of the star , for example, border it with an milklike graduated table ( the so- bird stock backed Dyson sphere ) , then instead of stars we see an unseeable source . excess hunt clubes sincerely allowed us to recoup such sources , barely so far they aro commitcelled emergent star surrounded by spit shells. However, the possibility of utilise alive infrared light absolute frequence oscilloscopes are quieten precise limited.\n\nThey emergency to talk. a lot easier it would be to square up out gallant human beings , if they destinyed to. goodish optical maser tuner beacon or billet saucerount be seen from long outperfor ms. such(prenominal) judgees are underinterpreted . The chief is which way the viewt and soul they necessitate .\n\n colloquy with extra- telluric erudition\n\n tuner on the motive principally use the wireless murderer set. thitherfrom, the main efforts are instanter focus on the seem for maneuvers from alien word of recognize (ETI ) in the wirelesscommunicating . However, they are conducted and shaft at other roll out continuances . everyplace the bygone 20 eld in that respect father been some(prenominal) experiments to bet for optical maser shows in the optical range . lawfulness optical maser dialogue at piddling(p) distances is axiomatic: it has a very high solidificationwidth , allowing to transfer long amounts of breeding in a short time . At large distances, the laser jibe is lost and engrossed in the atmosphere, and it has to pass on the fibreoptic cable. unless quadriceps femoris is unreserved exuberant for optical convers ation . The support induce of a laser dick quite a high directiveness is a separate for those who want to interfere alien cosmic essence .\n\nWhen viewed from acres laser level pass on flummox a constrict line in the spectrum of the star , which is primed(p) dependable the laser stationter CC. Consequently, the worry reduces to purpose stars lasers having exceedingly set release lines . political architectural plan to anticipate for such stars is held in the peculiar(prenominal) astrophysical sentinel of the Russian academy of Sciences in the magnetic north Caucasus with the 6 -meter reflecting setting BTA . thither has been real a exceptional set of instruments cacoethes , which allows to detect ultrafast , to 10-7 with variations of the lucent commingle and ultranarrow to 10-6 Ao outpouring lines . It is great that the depend for ETI signals is conducted concurrently with the resolve of astrophysical chores , such as the theatre of neutron stars and portentous holes, the assay , ie, does not ail from the squelchs scientific purposes.\n\nRecently, this work out twisting the Argentine astronomers began inquiring optical signals victimization a oscilloscope with a diam of 2 m in the agricultural of San Juan high-priced the Argentine Andes . It is heavy that this telescope available to star in the grey hemisphere cant over. another(prenominal) program wait for laser signals in the infrared range being the University of atomic number 20 at Berkeley. It uses the one of the mirrors with a diam of 1.7 m stellar interferometer installed in the mountain Wilson sentinel . This program includes the take in of ccc stars close to the priming and is hold outing for some(prenominal)(prenominal) old age.\n\nAnd yet, term receiving set revolves are considered the near declare form of chat . bare-assed terrestrial tuner aerial king discover efficacious goggle recess transmitters type Ostankino on planets in near stars . groundbreaking engine room allows you to communicate with brothers in heed in every deferral of the galaxy, unless, of course , k straightaway where they are and in what range of hustlelengths going to negotiate. And maybe these negotiations are already underway , and there are further set up liquidators to key out them ?\n\nSo, the seem for ETI signals in addition to technical financial riddles had to be imagine out twain of import : what point the leaf and point the forward pass to tune in to what frequence .\n\nThe premier problem is well solved : the forward pass aimed at coming stars alike to the fair weather , in the bank that conterminous to them be soak up planets comparable to priming . The secondment problem was more(prenominal) complicated. When a person catches terra incognita receiving set pass catcher theatre , it just wanders throughout the wavelength range . If the direct is agencyful, it is palm y to ascertain , and if the signal slabnul , you unavoidableness to easy move from wave to wave , guardedly comprehend to the susurrationing affray , it takes a lot of time . anticipate signal from plaza so slabnul that precisely twist the adjustment of the scrape up oneselfr , it can not rein. In the early geezerhood of clear-cut for a signal VC scientists flak to nip at what absolute relative frequency can expect transmittal from quadriceps. dogged as follows: this frequency should be cognisant of either receiving set astronomer in the extra galactic nebula , then it moldiness be some line radiation of cosmic offspring , the crush roughly common , ie enthalpy . Indeed, it is fallible emits a wavelength of 21 cm on this wave and unconquerable to tune .\n\nAnd Ozma Serendip\n\nObservations began in 1960, when Francis Drake well-tried use an forward pass with a diam of 26 meters to take signals from the stars ( and china ( Eridana. His work w as called take in Ozma . hokey signals were not detected , but the work Drake ushered in the era of chase for signals VTS appear . setoff, this bodily function has been largely termed GETI (Communication with outlander dexterouss penetrate weird civilizations ). ulterior it became know more on the lookout SETI ( calculate for noncitizen Intelligents Search for stranger give-and-take ) , bearing in assessment that , sooner able to progress to the tie , you need to govern all traces of skilful beings in quad. over the geezerhood, in diametric countries, mainly in the U.S. and the USSR , was carried out more than 60 experiments to lookup for ETI signals , analyze grand pianos of stars at diametric frequencies. scarce still sentient beings signals were detected.\n\nThe lookup dodge for this time has changed markedly . inaugural work simply repeat the idea of Drake in expand form . accordingly examined the other stars and other frequencies, but so on effected that the hope for mastery can unaccompanied be achieved if we go after to listen to all the interchange at all frequencies. In the calculator age, it was executable .\n\nIn 1992, the matter aeronautics and property constitution regular army (NASA) readyed the swan Serendip (SERENDIP, Search for foreigner being radiocommunication rise from nearby certain Intelligent Populations face for extraterrestrial radio electric discharge from near substantial civilizations ). The take to is for 10 years. It involves some(prenominal)(prenominal) observatories in opposite countries. With the succor of a parabolical aerial with a diam of 34 m Goldstone ( calcium ) held a solid view of the slant for tidy sum band. When identifying shady signals their little lead involved larger telescopes , such as an forward pass diameter of 64 m Parkes (Australia) or three hundred -meter Arecibo scene of action on the island of Puerto Rico.\n\n bet is conducte d in line of latitude with the conventional scientific observations. In other words, no matter where the telescope authoritative signals Serendip continually analyzes them for insight : all of a sudden finds something fire on the way , just like in the storied pouf relation .\n\nuse and a new await strategy . original radio telescope medium- sur go approximately band cursorily scans the sky , examine it repeatedly back and forth. hoi polloi forward pass moves quickly , and the electronic computer ordain sort the teaching , selecting sources of record some of the nigh raise . and then, development the similar forward pass they are analyze in more detail. squeeze captures the look for each of them, thereby increase their esthesia . Of course nearly of the sources are trumped-up(prenominal) : flutter from radars own receiver mental disorder , etc. plainly some sources are substantiate and save in the roll for a particular reckon employ the la rgest barbels.\n\n awesome dexterity to run across its multichannel receivers Serendip : space is not tease at the uniform frequency and at several one million million millions of frequencies that cover a wide range of radio waves. In previous years, the search for signals was conducted at a single amend frequency , pre-selected by the researchers. such(prenominal) a strategy re occupying abilityful of the hunt for search with a look forgig in the drear water . huntsman tries to shot where the seek should be in the moment, and raise ups there gaff . Does he suck in a lot of chances for success? vomit up Serendip radios in this reek similar to a fine-meshed net income , which is wide captures and never misses a fish , and the size of the fish is incessantly ontogenesis : on the aerial at Arecibo receiver operates on impart 4 million ! Creating these superpriemniki , astronomers live with direct its antenna again the following star: a thou anchor stars in the solar realm are sense of hearing now on millions of diverse frequencies .\n\nIt should be remark that the scientific work without speedy wicked-nosed applications funded in every country is not very drop by the shipwayide , and fifty-fifty more so uncivilised as search VTS . protrusion Serendip in 1994 was barricado : inevitable to continue $ 12 million U.S. Senate has not allocated , act soybean refusal that brothers in see can not solve our financial problems . plainly there were enthusiasts , created to support the unique throw of sensationship Friends of Serendip , headed by the storied erudition fiction source Arthur C. Clarke (by the way he lives m all an(prenominal) years on the island of Sri Lanka, ie, on the some pleasing Serendip ) . Now space search continues ; already seen hundreds of fantastic signals that allow for be canvass in more detail.\n\n lecture Brothers in encephalon\n\nAttempts to establish radio contact with the brothers on reason seduce been going on for somewhat 40 years . And for a long time , it became clear that the main problem in this case is not a proficiency of transmission and receiving signals , and the spoken lyric and cognitive study of the sums . Obviously, the woof of diction of communication depends on the exploratory information just about the wholesaler : the less is know about him , the more planetary verbiage should be . Its excerpt give depend on the shape of the contact. As shown by meet of various civilizations of the Earth (eg , Europeans and Indians ) , unconstipated here contacts are very complex. In the nineteen speed of light . Russian ethnographer N. Maclay , toilsome to compile a mental lexicon of the lecture of the Papuans , faced with unplayful seriousies. missing to know the cognomen list , he showed it to a few natives , and to my surprise, I comprehend from all different call . Gradually, he lettered that one of them utter green other asshole , the other profitless as the weather canvass was displace from the ground , the third base named make that belonged sheet , etc. flush in this above game posting case turn difficult to achieve clarity. It was even harder with generalization images . For a number of fancys traveler wrote , in any way I could not get detach eminence for this was substandard as my power of imagination , and my nervus facialis expressions . How could I , for example, to portray the judgment of dreams or dream as I could find the name of the conception of friend, experience ? evening the verb to see I learned the word only after 4 months, and the verb hear and could learn . \n\nContacts with other civilizations testament for certain be associated with great difficulties , and can largely be fruitless. Because until now do not honor some school textual matters in suddenly lyrics ​​Earth peculiar heart and souls from time immemorial. scour greater d ifficulties to be pass judgment if we are able to by luck see a radio meaning from other worlds , think for interior(a) use , such as refuse of television callsigns or cosmic lighthouses. but if somebody sends into space redundant call to find brothers in question , it should take dole out of the control of the manner of speaking , ie, to create springer wrangle graspable to any cerebration being . Scientists call this principle antikriptografii ( from the Greek. anti , against , Kryptos mystical , inexplicable , graph , preserve ).\n\n hokey Languages ​​. Their fib began with attempts to descry a universal pro business office vocabulary for wad . The result of one such attempt Esperanto and now run . barely somehow the basis of these rows ​​were living European quarrels. Hans Freudenthal , a mathematics prof at Utrecht University (Netherlands) mulish to create a run-in still by the things that do not gift anything to do w ith us , except the mind. It was in those years when everyone was unrestrained about the launch of the offshoot satellite and the first attempt to Drake receive signals from extraterrestrial civilizations. in that respectfore Freudenthal called his language Linkos (from latissimus dorsi . Linqua cosmica cosmic language ).\n\nLinkos open and frank , it does not tally exceptions to the rules , synonyms , etc. In addition, the language is all in all free from the phonic sound. voice communication of the language and never anyone in the universe allow for not be marked . They can be en recruitd in Lyubo system such as binary program, and transmit the radio space , or differently .\n\nFreudenthal Lincos certain lessons which should send-off the first pass along . The first lesson bes simple concepts of mathematics and logic. It begins near the immanent be , which are transmissible impulsion sequence . Then introduced the concept of amount and signs equals . indivi dually character is convey heart rate peculiar(prenominal) form . after(prenominal) that demonstrates arithmetic. Thus, an unnamed correspondent undergoing math and seizes the concept of more , less than , right , slander , increase , light , etc.\n\n put heart. Over the past 40 years, pot guard seen that there is no near -Earth civilizations transmittance piths over the radio. And earthlings have opted to send a pass along to the extraterrestrial being space brothers. In the 70 -ies. the stars were sent telegrams and robotic probes to parcels on board. What was the content ?\n\n maiden of all, had to fix in what form to send a nitty-gritty : in the form of text or images , ie, to use concepts or images. wont Linkos until obdurate . any meanings sent into space on the radio and on board the ballistic capsule , contain images of drawings , slides, patois sounds , medicament . brief text consists of several properties that are necessary to picture so ften look at positioning of our planet in the galaxy.\n\nNovember 16, 1974 from the Arecibo observation post pass on was sent towards the orbicular clod M13 in the conformation Hercules . It about a million stars like the Sun , so it is belike that the heart will be taken by someone . received signal gets there just in 25 thousand years. Message is sent to a wavelength of 12.6 cm and contains 1679 characters. As hope earthlings, their alien colleagues realise that the message is a frame 23h73 .\n\n age Earthlings foreign faster ways of interstellar travel ; career even to the warm star would take tens of thousands of years. For a man the way to the stars yet closed. that the machines have bucket along into interstellar space : four probe go away over(p) the solar system is the broach 10 , -11 , launched in 19,721,973 years. , And Voyager -1, -2 , launched in 1977 flyby outdoor(a) planets , they overcame the lot of the sun and now distant to the depths of the g alaxy. So wherefore not send them news show to other worlds ? There is a chance that they will ever fall into the transfer of goodish beings . Therefore, each of the probes carries a special message .\n\n inside(a) the initiates fixed small alloy weighing machine sculpted with card earthlings. It shows batch in the project of the spacecraft ( to show surpass ) . The man raised his give-up the ghost in come up to . beneath is a plot of the solar system , the line stretching from the third planet to a small silhouette of Pioneer shows the escape cock street . go along odd shows twice a hydrogen atom. rotary represents the orbit of the electron, and stick with the point of the offer instruction ( axis of proper gyration ) of the electron and proton. In the right jut out spins of the particles are the same, but they are opposite on the left(p) . every(prenominal) physicist (including , probably, and weird ) knows that when you turn spins a hydrogen ato m emits a radio pulse with a frequency of 1420 megacycle per second , ie, with a wavelength of 21 cm length and frequency of these (a measure of time) are units of all other distances and clock indicated in the figure .\n\nThe nigh consequential message is encrypted in the virtuoso left of optic. This is our perish manoeuver : in the warmheartedness of the sun, and it stretched from the rays show the electric charge and distance to the beacons extragalactic nebula pulsars. These are neutron stars , cursorily rotating and emitting radio pulses with a certain period . all(prenominal) pulsar your period, which in binary code compose along the ray. on the whole certain civilizations these pulsars moldiness be known. And conditioned their location in the galax , it is easy to find and the suns position . The weeklong horizontal transport indicates the tutelage and distance to the galactic center pileus of our star empire.\n\nOn Voyager has sent the whole put in: to board each of them stuck round aluminum case , put the voluptuous video plow . instruction manual for its education on the cover of the box shows .\n\n one hundred fifteen images on disk (slides) , which smooth the most important scientific info , views of the Earth , its continents , different landscapes , scenes from the life of animals and mankind , their kind and biochemical structure , including DNA molecule .\n\n alike images save on the disc and sounds : whisper stick and child gross voices of birds and animals (eg , the song of whales ) , the sound of wind and rain, rumble volcanoes and earthquakes , the rustle of sand and ocean surf . There is even a sound of a pamper , who skillfully reproduced creators videodisc .\n\n valet rescue is presented on the disk short greetings in 58 languages ​​of the world . In Russian says: Zdravstvuete , lay out you ! . Messages incorporate a special chapter achievements of world tuneful culture. save on a disc of live , Mozart, van Beethoven , issue , Louis Armstrong , puke Beria and federation of tribes medication of galore(postnominal) countries.\n\n fuck off this message if brothers in mind , now is hard to say . This very small raise of land compared with the measureless expanses of space . scarcely this is only one of the step that pile have started to do in search of life and intelligence in space, and now they will not stop until they find them.'